Android Version 7

Global Android version distribution according to Google Play Store usage, charted between Q4 2009 and Q1 2019. (Click or tap for a larger version.)

The version history of the Androidmobile operating system began with the public release of the Android beta on November 5, 2007. The first commercial version, Android 1.0, was released on September 23, 2008. Android is continually developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance, and it has seen a number of updates to its base operating system since the initial release.

2Pre-commercial release versions
3Version history by API level
- 3.5Android 2.0 Eclair (API 5)
- 3.7Android 2.3 Gingerbread (API 9)
- 3.8Android 3.0 Honeycomb (API 11)
- 3.9Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich (API 14)
- 3.10Android 4.1 Jelly Bean (API 16)
- 3.11Android 4.4 KitKat (API 19)
- 3.12Android 5.0 Lollipop (API 21)
- 3.14Android 7.0 Nougat (API 24)
- 3.15Android 8.0 Oreo (API 26)

Code names[edit]

Android 1.0 and 1.1 were not released under specific code names, although Android 1.1 was unofficially known as Petit Four.

Axon 7 was the first Android Nougat phone to be 'Daydream-ready,' and while phones like the Google Pixel and Moto Z launched with the VR software first, ZTE has made good on its promise. Popular Android emulator NoxPlayer released version 6.2.2.0 with an optional Android 7.1.2 emulation mode in NoxPlayer Multi-Drive, but many people have trouble finding it – because by default, NoxPlayer is Android 4.0, and you do not update NoxPlayer through the Android emulator itself. Android Pie is the ninth major version of the Android operating system. It was first announced by Google on March 7, 2018, and the first developer preview was released on the same day. The second preview, considered beta quality, was released on May 8, 2018. Open Wonder Android 8.0 Oreo™ Smarter, faster, more powerful and sweeter than ever. The world's favorite cookie is your new favorite Android release.

Android code names were confectionery-themed and have been in alphabetical order since 2009's Android 1.5 Cupcake. Google ended the confectionery theming scheme in 2019 beginning with Android 10.^[1] The most recent version of Android is Android 10, which was released in September 2019.

Android 7.0 Nougat. Android 7.0 Nougat is the latest version of Android which will be released in the month of August or September 2016. If you really Want to know full details of Android Nougat then visit Wikipedia to know more about this version. Let's take a look at some of the features Google included in the latest version of Android Nougat. As of Android Nougat 7.1.1, Google's keyboard app includes a GIF keyboard by default. Check out the video below for a quick rundown of the new Android 7.1 Nougat features. As above, a distinction needs to be made between the Android 7.1 version found on the Google Pixel phones.

Code name	Version numbers	Initial release date	API level	Ref.
No codename	Old version, no longer supported: 1.0	September 23, 2008	1	^[2]
Petit Four (only internally used)	Old version, no longer supported: 1.1	February 9, 2009	2	^[2]
Cupcake	Old version, no longer supported: 1.5	April 27, 2009	3
Donut	Old version, no longer supported: 1.6	September 15, 2009	4	^[3]
Eclair	Old version, no longer supported: 2.0 – 2.1	October 26, 2009	5 – 7	^[4]
Froyo	Old version, no longer supported: 2.2 – 2.2.3	May 20, 2010	8	^[5]
Gingerbread	Old version, no longer supported: 2.3 – 2.3.7	December 6, 2010	9 – 10	^[6]
Honeycomb	Old version, no longer supported: 3.0 – 3.2.6	February 22, 2011	11 – 13	^[7]
Ice Cream Sandwich	Old version, no longer supported: 4.0 – 4.0.4	October 18, 2011	14 – 15	^[8]
Jelly Bean	Old version, no longer supported: 4.1 – 4.3.1	July 9, 2012	16 – 18	^[9]
KitKat	Old version, no longer supported: 4.4 – 4.4.4	October 31, 2013	19 – 20	^[10]
Lollipop	Old version, no longer supported: 5.0 – 5.1.1	November 12, 2014	21 – 22	^[11]
Marshmallow	Old version, no longer supported: 6.0 – 6.0.1	October 5, 2015	23	^[12]
Nougat	Older version, yet still supported: 7.0 – 7.1.2	August 22, 2016	24 – 25	^[13]
Oreo	Older version, yet still supported: 8.0 – 8.1	August 21, 2017	26 – 27	^[14]
Pie	Older version, yet still supported: 9.0	August 6, 2018	28	^[15]
Android 10	Current stable version:10.0	September 3, 2019	29
Old version Latest version Future release

Pre-commercial release versions[edit]

The development of Android started in 2003 by Android, Inc., which was purchased by Google in 2005.^[16]

Alpha versions[edit]

There were at least two internal releases of the software inside Google and the OHA before the beta version was released.^[17]^[18]

The code names 'Astro Boy' and 'Bender' were only known to be tagged internally on some early pre-1.0 milestone builds, and were never used as the actual code names of the 1.0 and 1.1 release of the OS.^[2] Dan Morrill created some of the first mascot logos, but the current Android logo was designed by Irina Blok.^[19] The project manager, Ryan Gibson, conceived the confectionery-themed naming scheme that has been used for the majority of the public releases, starting with Android 1.5 Cupcake.

Beta version[edit]

The beta was released on November 5, 2007,^[20]^[21] while the software development kit (SDK) was released on November 12, 2007.^[22] The November 5 date is popularly celebrated as Android's 'birthday'.^[23] Public beta versions of the SDK were released in the following order:^[24]

November 12, 2007: m3-rc20a (milestone 3, release code 20a)^[25]
November 16, 2007: m3-rc22a (milestone 3, release code 22a)^[26]
December 14, 2007: m3-rc37a (milestone 3, release code 37a)^[27]
February 13, 2008: m5-rc14 (milestone 5, release code 14)^[28]
March 3, 2008: m5-rc15 (milestone 5, release code 15)^[24]
August 18, 2008: 0.9 beta^[29]^[30]
September 23, 2008: 1.0-r1^[31]

Version history by API level[edit]

The following tables show the release dates and key features of all Android operating system updates to date, listed chronologically by their official application programming interface (API) levels.

Android 1.0 (API 1) Android 1.0 (API 1)
Android 1.0, the first commercial version of the software, was released on September 23, 2008.^[32] The first commercially available Android device was the HTC Dream.^[33] Android 1.0 incorporated the following features:
Version	Release date	Features
1.0	September 23, 2008	Android Market allowed application downloads and updates through the Market application. Web browser to show, zoom and pan full HTML and XHTML web pages – multiple pages show as windows ('cards').^[34]^[35] Camera support – however, this version lacked the option to change the camera's resolution, white balance, quality, etc.^[36] Folders allowing the grouping of a number of application icons into a single folder icon on the Home screen.^[37] Access to web email servers, supporting POP3, IMAP4, and SMTP.^[35] Gmail synchronization with the Gmail application. Google Contacts synchronization with the People application. Google Calendar synchronization with the Calendar application. Google Maps with Street View to view maps and satellite imagery, as well as find local businesses and obtain driving directions using GPS.^[36] Google Sync, allowing management of over-the-air synchronization of Gmail, People, and Calendar. Google Search, allowing users to search the Internet and phone applications, contacts, calendar, etc. Google Talk instant messaging. Instant messaging, text messaging, and MMS. Media Player, enabling management, importing, and playback of media files – however, this version lacked video and stereo Bluetooth support.^[35]^[36] Notifications appear in the Status bar, with options to set ringtone, LED or vibration alerts.^[34]^[35]^[38] Voice Dialer allows dialing and placing of phone calls without typing a name or number.^[35] Wallpaper allows the user to set the background image or photo behind the Home screen icons and widgets. YouTube video player.^[39] Other applications include: Alarm Clock, Calculator, Dialer (Phone), Home screen (Launcher), Pictures (Gallery), and Settings. Wi-Fi and Bluetooth support.

Android 1.1 (API 2)
On February 9, 2009, the Android 1.1 update was released, initially for the HTC Dream only. Android 1.1 was known as 'Petit Four' internally, though this name was not used officially.^[2]^[40] The update resolved bugs, changed the Android API and added a number of features:^[41]
Version	Release date	Features
1.1	February 9, 2009	Details and reviews available when a user searches for businesses on Maps. Longer in-call screen timeout by default when using the speakerphone, plus the ability to show/hide the dialpad. Ability to save attachments in messages. Support added for marquee in system layouts.

Android 1.5 Cupcake (API 3) Android 1.5 Cupcake (API 3)
On April 27, 2009, the Android 1.5 update was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.27.^[42]^[43] This was the first release to officially use a codename based on a dessert item ('Cupcake'), a theme used for all releases until Android Pie, with Android 10 using a number-only system. The update included several new features and UI amendments:^[44]
Version	Release date	Features	Image(s)
1.5	April 27, 2009^[42]	Support for third-party virtual keyboards with text prediction and a user dictionary for custom words. Support for Widgets – miniature application views that can be embedded in other applications (such as the Home screen) and receive periodic updates.^[45] Video recording and playback in MPEG-4 and 3GP formats. Auto-pairing and stereo support for Bluetooth (A2DP and AVRCP profiles). Copy and paste features in web browser. User pictures shown for Favorites in Contacts. Specific date/time stamp shown for events in call log, and one-touch access to a contact card from a call log event. Animated screen transitions. Auto-rotation option. New stock boot animation. Ability to upload videos to YouTube. Ability to upload photos to Picasa.	Android 1.5 home screen

Android 1.6 Donut (API 4)
On September 15, 2009, Android 1.6 – dubbed Donut – was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.29.^[46]^[47]^[48] Included in the update were numerous new features:^[46]
Version	Release date	Features	Image(s)
1.6	September 15, 2009^[47]	Voice and text entry search enhanced to include bookmark history, contacts, and the web. Ability for developers to include their content in search results. Multi-lingual speech synthesis engine to allow any Android application to 'speak' a string of text. Easier searching and the ability to view app screenshots in Android Market. Gallery, Camera and camcorder more fully integrated, with faster camera access. Ability for users to select multiple photos for deletion. Updated technology support for CDMA/EVDO, 802.1x, VPNs, and a text-to-speech engine. Support for WVGA screen resolutions. Speed improvements in searching and camera applications. Expanded Gesture framework and a new GestureBuilder development tool.	Android 1.6 home screen

Android 2.0 Eclair (API 5) Android 2.0 Eclair (API 5)
On October 26, 2009, the Android 2.0 SDK was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.29 and codenamed Eclair.^[49] Changes include the ones listed below.^[50]
Version	Release date	Features	Image(s)
2.0	October 26, 2009	Expanded Account sync, allowing users to add multiple accounts to a device for synchronization of an email and contacts. Microsoft Exchange email support, with a combined inbox to browse an email from multiple accounts in one page. Bluetooth 2.1 support. Ability to tap a Contacts photo and select to call, SMS, or email the person. Ability to search all saved SMS and MMS messages, with the added ability to delete the oldest messages in a conversation automatically deleted when a defined limit is reached. Numerous new camera features, including flash support, digital zoom, scene mode, white balance, color effect and macro focus. Improved typing speed on a virtual keyboard, with a smarter dictionary that learns from word usage and includes contact names as suggestions. Refreshed browser UI with bookmark thumbnails, double-tap zoom and support for HTML5. Calendar agenda view enhanced, showing attending status for each invitee, and the ability to invite new guests to events. Optimized hardware speed and revamped UI. Support for more screen sizes and resolutions, with better contrast ratio. Improved Google Maps 3.1.2. MotionEvent class enhanced to track multi-touch events.^[51] Addition of live wallpapers, allowing the animation of home-screen background images to show movement.	Android 2.0 home screen

Android 2.0.1 Eclair (API 6)
Version	Release date	Features	Image(s)
2.0.1	December 3, 2009^[52]	Minor API changes, bug fixes and framework behavioral changes.

Android 2.1 Eclair (API 7) Android 2.1 Eclair (API 7)
Version	Release date	Features	Image(s)
2.1	January 12, 2010^[53]	Minor amendments to the API and bug fixes.	Android 2.1 home screen

Android 2.2 Froyo (API 8)
On May 20, 2010, the SDK for Android 2.2 (Froyo, short for frozen yogurt) was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.32.^[54]
Version	Release date	Features	Image(s)
2.2	May 20, 2010	Speed, memory, and performance optimizations.^[55] Additional application speed improvements, implemented through JIT compilation.^[56] Integration of Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine into the Browser application. Support for the Android Cloud to Device Messaging (C2DM) service, enabling push notifications. Improved Microsoft Exchange support, including security policies, auto-discovery, GAL look-up, calendar synchronization and remote wipe. Improved application launcher with shortcuts to Phone and Browser applications. USB tethering and Wi-Fi hotspot functionality^[57] Option to disable data access over a mobile network. Updated Market application with batch and automatic update features.^[55] Quick switching between multiple keyboard languages and their dictionaries. Support for Bluetooth-enabled car and desk docks. Support for numeric and alphanumeric passwords. Support for file upload fields in the Browser application.^[58] The browser now shows all frames of animated GIFs instead of just the first frame only. Support for installing applications to expandable memory. Adobe Flash support.^[59] Support for high-PPI displays (up to 320 ppi), such as four-inch 720p screens.^[60] Gallery allows users to view picture stacks using a zoom gesture.	Android 2.2 home screen
2.2.1	January 18, 2011	Bug fixes, security updates and performance improvements.
2.2.2	January 22, 2011	Minor bug fixes, including SMS routing issues that affected the Nexus One.^[61]
2.2.3	November 21, 2011^[62]	Two security updates.

Android 2.3 Gingerbread (API 9) Android 2.3 Gingerbread (API 9)
On December 6, 2010, the Android 2.3 (Gingerbread) SDK was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.35.^[63]^[64] Changes included:^[63]
Version	Release date	Features	Image(s)
2.3	December 6, 2010^[64]	Updated user interface design with increased simplicity and speed. Support for extra-large screen sizes and resolutions (WXGA and higher).^[60] Native support for SIPVoIP internet telephones. Faster, more intuitive text input on a virtual keyboard, with improved accuracy, better suggested text and voice input mode. Enhanced copy/paste functionality, allowing users to select a word by press-holding, copying, and pasting. Support for Near Field Communication (NFC), allowing the user to read an NFC tag embedded in a poster, sticker, or advertisement. New audio effects such as reverb, equalization, headphone virtualization, and bass boost. New Download Manager, giving users easy access to any file downloaded from the browser, email, or another application. Support for multiple cameras on the device, including a front-facing camera, if available. Support for WebM/VP8 video playback, and AAC audio encoding. Improved power management with a more active role in managing applications that are keeping the device awake for too long. Enhanced support for native code development. Switched from YAFFS to ext4 on newer devices.^[65]^[66] Audio, graphical, and input enhancements for game developers. Concurrent garbage collection for increased performance. Native support for more sensors (such as gyroscopes and barometers). First Android version to feature an Easter egg. It was an image of the Bugdroid standing next to a zombie gingerbread man, with many more zombies in the background.	Android 2.3 home screen
2.3.1	December 2010	Improvements and bug fixes for the Nexus S.
2.3.2	January 2011	Improvements and bug fixes for the Nexus S.

Android 2.3.3 Gingerbread (API 10)
Version	Release date	Features	Image(s)
2.3.3	February 9, 2011	Several improvements and API fixes.^[67]
2.3.4	April 28, 2011^[68]	Support for voice or video chat using Google Talk.^[69] Open Accessory Library support. Open Accessory was introduced in 3.1 (Honeycomb) but the Open Accessory Library grants 2.3.4 added support when connecting to a USB peripheral with compatible software and a compatible application on the device.^[70] Switched the default encryption for SSL from AES256-SHA to RC4-MD5.^[71]^[72] Fixed a spontaneous reboot on Samsung Galaxy S Plus.
2.3.5	July 25, 2011	Improved network performance for the Nexus S 4G, among other fixes and improvements. Fixed a Bluetooth bug on Samsung Galaxy S. Fixed a Wi-Fi crash on Samsung Galaxy S Plus. Improved the Gmail application. Shadow animations for list scrolling. Camera software enhancements.^[73] Improved battery efficiency.
2.3.6	September 2, 2011^[74]	Fixed a voice search bug.^[a]
2.3.7	September 21, 2011	Google Wallet support for the Nexus S 4G.

Android 3.0 Honeycomb (API 11) Android 3.0 Honeycomb (API 11)
On February 22, 2011, the Android 3.0 (Honeycomb) SDK – the first tablet-only Android update – was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.36.^[77]^[78]^[79]^[80] The first device featuring this version, the Motorola Xoom tablet, was released on February 24, 2011.^[81] The update's features included:^[77]
Version	Release date	Features	Image(s)
3.0	February 22, 2011^[79]	Optimized tablet support with a new “holographic” user interface (removed again the following year with version 4.2).^[82] New Easter egg, an image of a Tron-themed bumblebee. Added System Bar, featuring quick access to notifications, status, and soft navigation buttons, available at the bottom of the screen. Added the Action Bar, giving access to contextual options, navigation, widgets, or other types of content at the top of the screen. Simplified multitasking – tapping Recent Applications in the System Bar allows users to see snapshots of the tasks underway and quickly jump from one application to another. Redesigned the keyboard, making typing fast, efficient and accurate on larger screen sizes Simplified, more intuitive copy/paste interface. Multiple browser tabs replacing browser windows, plus form auto-fill and a new “incognito” mode allowing anonymous browsing. Quick access to camera exposure, focus, flash, zoom, front-facing camera, time-lapse, and other camera features. Ability to view albums and other collections in full-screen mode in Gallery, with easy access to thumbnails for other photos. New two-pane Contacts UI and Fast Scroll to let users easily organize and locate contacts. New two-pane Email UI to make viewing and organizing messages more efficient, allowing users to select one or more messages. Hardware acceleration. Support for multi-core processors. Ability to encrypt all user data. HTTPS stack improved with Server Name Indication (SNI). Filesystem in Userspace (FUSE; kernel module). Disallows applications from having to write access to secondary storage (memory cards on devices with internal primary storage) outside of designated, application-specific directories. Full access to primary internal storage is still allowed through a separate application-level permission.^[83]^[84]	Android 3.0 home screen

Android 3.1 Honeycomb (API 12)
Version	Release date	Features	Image(s)
3.1	May 10, 2011^[85]	UI refinements. Connectivity for USB accessories (USB On-The-Go). Expanded Recent Applications list. Resizable Home screen widgets. Support for external keyboards and pointing devices. Support for joysticks and gamepads. Support for FLAC audio playback.^[86]^[87] High-performance Wi-Fi lock, maintaining high-performance Wi-Fi connections when the device screen is off. Support for HTTP proxy for each connected Wi-Fi access point.

Android 3.2 Honeycomb (API 13) Android 3.2 Honeycomb (API 13)
Version	Release date	Features	Image(s)
3.2	July 15, 2011^[88]	Improved hardware support, including optimizations for a wider range of tablets. Increased ability of applications to access files on the SD card, e.g. for synchronization. Compatibility display mode for applications that have not been optimized for tablet screen resolutions. New display support functions, giving developers more control over display appearance on different Android devices.^[89]
3.2.1	September 20, 2011	Bug fixes and minor security, stability and Wi-Fi improvements. Update to Android Market with automatic updates and easier-to-read Terms and Conditions text. Update to Google Books. Improved Adobe Flash support in browser. Improved Chinese handwriting prediction.
3.2.2	August 30, 2011	Bug fixes and other minor improvements for the Motorola Xoom 4G.
3.2.3	August 30, 2011^[89]^[88]^[88]	Bug fixes and other minor improvements for the Motorola Xoom and Motorola Xoom 4G.
3.2.4	December 2011	Pay As You Go for 3G and 4G tablets.
3.2.5	January 2012	Bug fixes and other minor improvements for the Motorola Xoom and Motorola Xoom 4G.
3.2.6	February 2012	Fixed data connectivity issues when coming out of Airplane mode on the US 4G Motorola Xoom.

Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich (API 14)
The SDK for Android 4.0.1 (Ice Cream Sandwich), based on Linux kernel 3.0.1,^[90] was publicly released on October 19, 2011.^[91] Google's Gabe Cohen stated that Android 4.0 was 'theoretically compatible' with any Android 2.3.x device in production at that time.^[92] The source code for Android 4.0 became available on November 14, 2011.^[93] Ice Cream Sandwich was the last version to officially support Adobe Systems' Flash player.^[94] The update introduced numerous new features:^[95]^[96]^[97]
Version	Release date	Features	Image(s)
4.0	October 18, 2011^[95]	Major refinements to the 'Holo' interface with the new Roboto font family. Soft buttons from Android 3.x are now available for use on phones. Separation of widgets in a new tab, listed in a similar manner to applications. Easier-to-create folders, with a drag-and-drop style. Improved visual voicemail with the ability to speed up or slow down voicemail messages. Pinch-to-zoom functionality in the Calendar. Integrated screenshot capture (accomplished by holding down the Power and Volume-Down buttons). Improved error correction on the keyboard. Ability to access applications directly from the lock screen. Improved copy-and-paste functionality. Better voice integration and continuous, real-time speech-to-text dictation. Face Unlock, a feature that allows users to unlock handsets using facial recognition software.^[82] Automatic syncing of browser with users' Chrome bookmarks. Data Usage section in settings that lets users set warnings when they approach a certain usage limit, and disable data use when the limit is exceeded. Ability to shut down applications from the recent apps list with a swipe.^[98] Improved camera application with zero shutter lag, time lapse settings, panorama mode, and the ability to zoom while recording. Built-in photo editor. New gallery layout, organized by location and person. Refreshed the 'People' application with social network integration, status updates and hi-res images. Android Beam, a near-field communication feature allowing the rapid short-range exchange of web bookmarks, contact info, directions, YouTube videos and other data.^[82] Support for the WebP image format.^[86] Hardware acceleration of the UI.^[99] Wi-Fi Direct.^[100] 1080p video recording for stock Android devices. Android VPN Framework (AVF), and TUN (but not TAP) kernel module. Prior to 4.0, VPN software required a rooted Android device.	Android 4.0 home screen
4.0.1	October 21, 2011	Fixed minor bugs for the Samsung Galaxy Nexus.
4.0.2	November 28, 2011	Fixed minor bugs on the Verizon Galaxy Nexus, the US launch of which was later delayed until December 2011.^[b]

Android 4.0.3 Ice Cream Sandwich (API 15)

Version

Release date

Features

Image(s)

4.0.3

December 16, 2011^[103]

Numerous bug fixes and optimizations.
Improvements to graphics, databases, spell-checking and Bluetooth functionality.
New APIs for developers, including a social stream API in the Contacts provider.
Calendar provider enhancements.
New camera applications enhancing video stabilization and QVGA resolution.
Accessibility refinements such as improved content access for screen readers.^[104]

4.0.4

March 29, 2012^[105]

Stability improvements.
Better camera performance.
Smoother screen rotation.
Improved phone number recognition.^[106]

Android 4.1 Jelly Bean (API 16)
Google announced Android 4.1 (Jelly Bean) at the Google I/O conference on June 27, 2012. Based on Linux kernel 3.0.31, Jelly Bean was an incremental update with the primary aim of improving the functionality and performance of the user interface. The performance improvement involved 'Project Butter', which uses touch anticipation, triple buffering, extended vsync timing and a fixed frame rate of 60 fps to create a fluid and 'buttery-smooth' UI.^[107] Android 4.1 Jelly Bean was released to the Android Open Source Project on July 9, 2012,^[108] and the Nexus 7 tablet, the first device to run Jelly Bean, was released on July 13, 2012.
Version	Release date	Features	Image(s)
4.1	July 9, 2012	Smoother user interface: Vsync timing across all drawing and animation done by the Android framework, including application rendering, touch events, screen composition and display refresh. Triple buffering in the graphics pipeline. CPU input boost. Synchronizing touch to vsync timing. Enhanced accessibility. Bi-directional text and other language support. User-installable keyboard maps. Expandable notifications. Ability to turn off notifications on an application-specific basis. Shortcuts and widgets can automatically be re-arranged or re-sized to allow new items to fit on home screens. Bluetooth data transfer for Android Beam. Tablets with smaller screens now use an expanded version of the interface layout and home screen used by phones.^[109] Improved camera application. Multichannel audio.^[107] The Fraunhofer FDK AAC codec becomes standard in Android, adding AAC 5.1 channel encoding/decoding. USB audio (for external sound DACs).^[107] Audio chaining (also known as gapless playback).^[107]^[110]^[111] Ability for other launchers to add widgets from the application drawer without requiring root access.	Android 4.1 home screen
4.1.1	July 11, 2012^[112]	Fixed a bug on the Nexus 7 regarding the inability to change screen orientation in any application.	Android 4.1 home screen
4.1.2	October 9, 2012^[113]	Lock/home screen rotation support.^[114] One-finger gestures to expand/collapse notifications.^[115] Bug fixes and performance enhancements.

Android 4.2 Jelly Bean (API 17) Android 4.2 Jelly Bean (API 17)
Google was expected to announce Jelly Bean 4.2 at an event in New York City on October 29, 2012, but the event was cancelled due to Hurricane Sandy.^[116] Instead of rescheduling the live event, Google announced the new version with a press release, under the slogan 'A new flavor of Jelly Bean'. Jelly Bean 4.2 was based on Linux kernel 3.4.0, and debuted on Google's Nexus 4 and Nexus 10, which were released on November 13, 2012.^[117]^[118]
Version	Release date	Features
4.2	November 13, 2012^[119]	Lock screen improvements, including widget support (removed again in 2014)^[82] and the ability to swipe directly to the camera.^[120] Notification power controls ('Quick Settings'). 'Daydream' screensavers, showing information when idle or docked (later renamed to 'screen saver' following the launch of the unrelated Google Daydream VR platform in 2016).^[82] Multiple user accounts (tablets only). Rewritten Bluetooth stack, switching from Bluez to Broadcom open source BlueDroid,^[121] allowing improved support for multiple displays and wireless display (Miracast). Native right-to-left, always-on VPN and application verification.^[122] A new NFC stack was added at the same time.^[121] Accessibility improvements: triple-tap to magnify the entire screen, pan and zoom with two fingers. Speech output and Gesture Mode navigation for blind users. New clock application with a built-in world clock, stop watch and timer. All devices now use the same interface layout, previously adapted from phones on 4.1 for smaller tablets (with centered software buttons, the system bar at the top of the screen, and a home screen with a dock and centered application menu), regardless of screen size. Increased number of extended notifications and Actionable Notifications for more applications, allowing users to respond to certain notifications within the notification bar and without launching the application directly. SELinux support. Premium SMS confirmation.^[123] Group Messaging support.
4.2.1	November 27, 2012^[124]	Fixed a bug in the People application where December was not displayed on the date selector when adding an event to a contact.^[125] Added Bluetooth gamepads and joysticks as supported HIDs (Human interface devices).
4.2.2	February 11, 2013^[126]	Fixed Bluetooth audio streaming bugs.^[127] Long-pressing the Wi-Fi and Bluetooth icons in Quick Settings now toggles the on/off state. New download notifications, which now show the percentage and estimated time remaining for active application downloads. New sounds for wireless charging and low battery. New Gallery application animation allows faster loading. USB debug whitelist. Bug fixes and performance enhancements.

Android 4.3 Jelly Bean (API 18)
Google released Jelly Bean 4.3 under the slogan 'An even sweeter Jelly Bean' on July 24, 2013, during an event in San Francisco called 'Breakfast with Sundar Pichai'. Most Nexus devices received the update within a week, although the second-generation Nexus 7 tablet was the first device to officially ship with it.^[128] A minor bug fix update was released on August 22, 2013.^[129]
Version	Release date	Features
4.3	July 24, 2013^[130]	Bluetooth low energy support.^[131] Bluetooth Audio/Video Remote Control Profile (AVRCP) 1.3 support. OpenGL ES 3.0 support, allowing improved game graphics.^[131] Restricted access mode for new user profiles.^[131] Filesystem performance improvement by running the fstrim command while a device is idle.^[132] Dial pad auto-complete in the Phone application.^[131] Volume for incoming calls (ringtone) and notification alerts is no longer adjustable separately. Improvements to Photo Sphere.^[133] Reworked camera UI, previously introduced on Google Play edition phones.^[134] Addition of 'App Ops', a fine-grained application permissions control system (hidden by default).^[135] SELinux enabled by default. 4K resolution support.^[136] Numerous security updates, performance enhancements, and bug fixes.^[137] System-level support for geofencing and Wi-Fi scanning APIs. Background Wi-Fi location still runs even when Wi-Fi is turned off. Developer logging and analyzing enhancements. Added support for five more languages. Changed digital rights management (DRM) APIs. Right-to-left (RTL) languages now supported.^[131] Clock in the status bar disappears if it is selected as a lockscreen widget. Native emoji support.^[138]
4.3.1	October 3, 2013^[139]	Bug fixes and small tweaks for the Nexus 7 LTE.^[140]

Android 4.4 KitKat (API 19) Android 4.4 KitKat (API 19)
Google announced Android 4.4 KitKat on September 3, 2013. Although initially under the 'Key Lime Pie' ('KLP') codename, the name was changed because 'very few people actually know the taste of a key lime pie.'^[141] Some technology bloggers also expected the 'Key Lime Pie' release to be Android 5.^[142] KitKat debuted on Google's Nexus 5 on October 31, 2013, and was optimized to run on a greater range of devices than earlier Android versions, having 512 MB of RAM as a recommended minimum; those improvements were known as 'Project Svelte' internally at Google.^[143] The required minimum amount of RAM available to Android is 340 MB, and all devices with less than 512 MB of RAM must report themselves as 'low RAM' devices.^[144]
Version	Release date	Features	Image(s)
4.4	October 31, 2013^[145]^[146]	Refreshed interface with white elements instead of blue. Clock no longer shows bold hours; all digits are thin. The H, M, and S markings for the stopwatch and timer have been removed, leaving just the numbers. Ability for applications to trigger translucency in the navigation and status bars.^[147] Ability for applications to use 'immersive mode' to keep the navigation and status bars hidden while maintaining user interaction.^[148] Action overflow menu buttons are always visible, even on devices with a 'Menu' key, which was officially deprecated by Android 4.0.^[149] Restriction for applications when accessing external storage, except for their own directories. Optimizations for performance on devices with lower specifications, including zRAM support and 'low RAM' device API.^[143] Wireless printing capability.^[143] NFC host card emulation, enabling a device to replace smart cards.^[143] WebViews are now based on the Chromium engine (feature parity with Chrome for Android 30). Expanded functionality for notification listener services.^[143] Public API for developing and managing text messaging clients.^[150] Storage Access Framework, an API allowing apps to retrieve files in a consistent manner. As part of the framework, a new system file picker allows users to access files from various sources (including those exposed by apps, such as online storage services).^[83] New framework for UI transitions. Sensor batching, step detector and counter APIs.^[143] Settings application now makes it possible to select default text messaging and the home (launcher) application. Audio tunneling, audio monitoring and loudness enhancer.^[151] Built-in screen recording feature (primarily for developers, as usage of ADB is required).^[152] Native infrared blaster API. Verified boot. Enforcing SELinux. Expanded accessibility APIs and system-level closed captioning settings. Android Runtime (ART) introduced as a new experimental application runtime environment, not enabled by default, as a replacement for the Dalvik virtual machine.^[153] Bluetooth Message Access Profile (MAP) support.^[154] Disabled access to battery statistics by third-party applications.^[155] Settings application no longer uses a multi-pane layout on devices with larger screens. Wi-Fi and mobile data activity (TX/RX) indicators are moved to quick settings.^[156] Disables text wrapping in the WebView browser component.^[157]	Android 4.4 home screen
4.4.1	December 5, 2013^[158]	Better application compatibility for the experimental Android Runtime (ART). Camera application now loads Google+ Photos instead of Gallery when swiping away from the camera view. Miscellaneous improvements and bug fixes.
4.4.2	December 9, 2013^[159]	Further security enhancements and bug fixes. Removal of the 'App Ops' application permissions control system, introduced in Android 4.3.^[160]
4.4.3	June 2, 2014^[161]	Refreshed the Dialer app's interface.^[162] Updated the Chromium-based WebView to version 33 (screencasting to DevTools, HTML5 Canvas hardware acceleration performance improvements, vibration API, HTML5 form validation, and an HTML5 datalist).^[163] Miscellaneous improvements and bug fixes.
4.4.4	June 19, 2014^[164]	CVE-2014-0224 fixed, eliminating an OpenSSLman-in-the-middle vulnerability.^[165]

Android 4.4W KitKat, with wearable extensions (API 20) Android 4.4W KitKat, with wearable extensions (API 20)
On June 24, 2014, a version of Android KitKat exclusive to Android Wear devices was released.
Version	Release date	Features
4.4W^[166]	June 25, 2014^[167]	Initial release of the Android Wear platform for smartwatches: the same as Android 4.4 'KitKat', but with wearable extensions added.
4.4W.1	September 6, 2014^[168]	UI updates for Google Maps navigation and alarms.
4.4W.2	October 21, 2014^[169]	Offline music playback. GPS support.

Android 5.0 Lollipop (API 21)
Android 5.0 'Lollipop' was unveiled under the codename 'Android L' on June 25, 2014, during Google I/O. It became available as an official over-the-air (OTA) update on November 12, 2014, for select devices that run distributions of Android serviced by Google, including Nexus and Google Play edition devices. Its source code was made available on November 3, 2014.^[170]^[171] Lollipop features a redesigned user interface built around a responsive design language referred to as 'material design'. Other changes include improvements to the notifications, which can be accessed from the lockscreen and displayed within applications as top-of-the-screen banners. Furthermore, Google made internal changes to the platform, with the Android Runtime (ART) officially replacing Dalvik for improved application performance, and with changes intended to improve and optimize battery usage, known internally as Project Volta.^[172]^[173]^[174]^[175]
Version	Release date	Features	Image(s)
5.0^[176]	November 12, 2014^[177]	Android Runtime (ART) with ahead-of-time (AOT) compilation and improved garbage collection (GC), replacing Dalvik that combines bytecode interpretation with trace-based just-in-time (JIT) compilation.^[176]^[178] Support for 64-bit CPUs. OpenGL ES 3.1 and Android Extension Pack (AEP) on supported GPU configurations. Recent activities screen with tasks instead of applications, up to a configured maximum of tasks per application. Vector drawables, which scale without losing definition. Support for print previews. Material design, bringing a restyled user interface. Refreshed lock screen, no longer supporting widgets.^[179] Refreshed notification tray and quick settings pull-down. Project Volta, for battery life improvements. Searches can be performed within the system settings for quicker access to particular settings. Lock screen provides shortcuts to application and notification settings.^[180] Guest logins and multiple user accounts are available on more devices, such as phones.^[181] Audio input and output through USB devices. Third-party applications regain the ability to read and modify data located anywhere on external storage, such as on SD cards.^[182]^[183] Pinning of an application's screen for restricted user activity.^[180] Recently used applications are remembered even after restarting the device.^[180] WebViews receive updates independently through Google Play for security reasons, instead of relying on system-wide vendor updates.^[184] Addition of 15 new languages: Basque, Bengali, Burmese, Chinese (Hong Kong), Galician, Icelandic, Kannada, Kyrgyz, Macedonian, Malayalam, Marathi, Nepali, Sinhala, Tamil and Telugu.^[185] Tap and Go allows users to quickly migrate to a new Android device, using NFC and Bluetooth to transfer Google Account details, configuration settings, user data and installed applications.^[180] A flashlight-style application is included, working on supported devices with a camera flash.^[180] User-customizable priorities for application notifications.^[186] Smart lock feature.^[187] SELinux in enforcing mode for all domains. Updated emoji.^[188] Improved accessibility support (e.g. switch access support).^[189]^[189] Block-based over-the-air (OTA) updates for new devices.^[190]	Android 5.0 home screen
5.0.1	December 2, 2014^[191]	A few bug fixes, including resolving issues with video playback and password failures handling.
5.0.2	December 19, 2014^[192]	Fixes a bug with TRIM support (introduced in Version 4.3), which prevented devices from running on-charger cleanups of file system allocations if the device was turned off at midnight, or if it was charged only when in use.^[193] Changes how alarms wake the CPU, and how alarms compete for system resources.^[194]

Android 5.1 Lollipop (API 22)

Version

Release date

Features

Image(s)

5.1

March 9, 2015^[195]

Improvements and bug fixes to the Overview screen.
Ability to join Wi-Fi networks and control paired Bluetooth devices from quick settings.
Official support for multiple SIM cards.^[196]
Device protection: if a device is lost or stolen it will remain locked until the owner signs into their Google account, even if the device is reset to factory settings.
High-definition voice calls, available between compatible 4G LTE devices running Android 5.1.^[196]
Improvements to the notification priority system, to more closely replicate the silent mode that was removed from Android 5.0.^[197]

5.1.1

April 21, 2015^[198]

Various bug fixes^[198]
Native Wi-Fi calling support.^[199]

Android 6.0 Marshmallow (API 23)
Android 6.0 'Marshmallow' was unveiled under the codename 'Android M' during Google I/O on May 28, 2015, for the Nexus 5 and Nexus 6 phones, Nexus 9 tablet, and Nexus Player set-top box, under the build number MPZ44Q.^[200] The third developer preview (MPA44G) was released on August 17, 2015 for the Nexus 5, Nexus 6, Nexus 9 and Nexus Player devices,^[201] and was updated to MPA44I that brought fixes related to Android for Work profiles.^[202]
Version	Release date	Features	Image(s)
6.0	October 5, 2015^[203]	Contextual search from keywords within apps.^[204] Introduction of Doze mode, which reduces CPU speed while the screen is off in order to save battery life.^[205] App Standby feature. Alphabetically accessible vertical application drawer.^[206] Application search bar and favorites. Native fingerprint reader support. Direct Share feature for target-specific sharing between apps.^[207] Renamed 'Priority' mode to 'Do Not Disturb' mode. App Linking for faster instinctive opening of links with corresponding applications.^[208]^[209] Larger Application folders with multiple pages. Post-install/run-time permission requests. USB-C support. Demo Mode feature for screenshot-capture usage.^[210] Automatic full data backup and restore for apps.^[211] 4K display mode for apps.^[212] Adoptable External storage to behave like Internal Storage.^[213] (However, this causes more actual problems than the hypothetical ones it was probably designed to solve.)^[214]) MIDI support for musical instruments.^[215] Experimental multi-window feature.^[216]^[217] Support for actions by third-party apps in the text selection menu.^[82] App permissions now granted individually at run-time, not all-or-nothing at install time.^[218] Miracast support dropped.^[82] Many new essential commands supported by Android's Linux shell (/bin/sh).	Android 6.0 home screen
6.0.1	December 7, 2015^[219]	Unicode 7.0 & 8.0emoji support.^[220] Descriptions for USB connection options. Double-tap the power button to open the camera.	Android 6.0 home screen

Android 7.0 Nougat (API 24) Android 7.0 Nougat (API 24)
Android 'Nougat' (codenamed N in-development) is the major 7.0 release of the Android operating system. It was first released as a developer preview on March 9, 2016, with factory images for current Nexus devices, as well as with the new 'Android Beta Program' which allows supported devices to be upgraded directly to the Android Nougat beta via an over-the-air update. The final release was on August 22, 2016. The final preview build was released on July 18, 2016,^[221] with the build number NPD90G.
Version	Release date	Features	Image(s)
7.0	August 22, 2016	Support for file-based encryption.^[222] Unicode 9.0emoji and skin tone modifier support (and exposes a subset of ICU4J APIs).^[223] Ability to display color calibration. Ability to zoom in the screen. Ability to switch to the last opened app by double-tapping the overview button. Added an Emergency information part. Added the 'Clear All' button to the Overview screen. Another system partition, which gets updated when not in use, allowing for seamless system updates. Daydream virtual reality platform (VR interface). Improved Doze functionality, which aims to prolong battery life. Improvements to the file browser. More Quick Settings options. Multi-window support, which supports floating apps on a desktop layout. New Data Saver mode, which can force apps to reduce bandwidth usage. New JIT Compiler, making for 75 percent faster app installations and a 50 percent reduction in compiled code size. Just in Time (JIT) compiler with code profiling to ART, which lets it constantly improve the performance of Android apps as they run.^[224] Picture-in-picture support for Android TV. Redesigned notification shade, featuring instant access to certain settings. Redesigned Overview screen. Replaced notification cards with notification sheets. Settings app navigation drawer. Vulkan 3D rendering API. Multiple Device Locales^[225]	Android 7.0 home screen

Android 7.1 Nougat (API 25)
On October 19, 2016, Google released Android 7.1.1 as a developer preview for the Nexus 5X, Nexus 6P and the Pixel C. A second preview became available on November 22, 2016, before the final version was released to the public on December 5, 2016.
Version	Release date	Features	Image(s)
7.1	October 4, 2016^[226]	Rearranged notification shade. Touch/display performance improvements. Moves (Fingerprint swipe down gesture – opt-in). Opt-in with new hardware required: Seamless A/B system updates. Daydream VR mode. Developer features: Shortcut manager APIs. Circular app icons support. Keyboard image insertion. Fingerprint sensor gesture to open/close notification shade. Manual storage manager Intent for apps. Improved VR thread scheduling. Enhanced wallpaper metadata. Multi-endpoint call support. Support for various MNO requirements. PCDMA voice privacy property. Source type support for Visual Voicemail. Carrier config options for managing telephone videos. Manual storage manager – identifies files and apps using storage.	Android 7.1 home screen
7.1.1^[227]	December 5, 2016	New set of emojis adding different skin tones and haircuts to existing ones. Send GIFs directly from the default keyboard. App shortcuts: Launch actions on apps by long pressing the app icon. Developer Options: Show CPU Usage feature removed.
7.1.2^[228]^[229]	April 4, 2017	Battery usage alerts.

Android 8.0 Oreo (API 26) Android 8.0 Oreo (API 26)
Android Oreo is the 8th major release of the Android operating system. It was first released as a developer preview on March 21, 2017, with factory images for current Nexus and Pixel devices. The final developer preview was released on July 24, 2017, with the stable version released in August 2017.
Version	Release date	Features	Image(s)
8.0^[230]	August 21, 2017	Project Treble, the biggest change to the foundations of Android to date: a modular architecture that makes it easier and faster for hardware makers to deliver Android updates. Picture-in-picture support. Support for Unicode 10.0 emoji (5.0) and replacement of all blob-shaped emojis by round ones with gradients and outlines. Redesigned Quick Settings and Settings with a white background and respectively black and Accent font colors. Restructured Settings by regrouping sections into similar entries. Adaptive icons. Notification improvements. Notification channels. Notification dots (badges). Notification snoozing. Notification shade multi-colors (for music album art, messengers etc.). System-wide Autofill framework. Sony LDAC codec support. App-specific unknown sources. Multi-display support. 2 times faster boot time compared to Nougat according to Google, testing on their Pixel devices.^[230] Apps background execution and location limits. Google Play Protect. Downloadable fonts. Integrated printing support. Color management (deep color and wide color gamut). Wi-Fi Assistant.	Android 8.0 home screen

Android 8.1.0 Oreo (API 27)
Android Oreo is the 8th major release of the Android operating system. It was first released as a developer preview on October 25, 2017, with factory images for current Nexus and Pixel devices. A second developer preview was made available on November 27, 2017 for Nexus and Pixel devices, before the stable version was released on December 5, 2017.
Version	Release date	Features	Image(s)
8.1.0^[231]^[232]	December 5, 2017^[233]^[234]	Neural networks API. Shared memory API. WallpaperColors API. Bluetooth battery level for connected devices, accessible in Quick Settings. Android Oreo Go Edition, a lightweight distribution of Android that runs better than normal Android on devices with less than 1 GB of RAM.^[235] Autofill framework updates. Programmatic Safe Browsing actions. Navigation buttons dim when not in use. Visual changes to 'Power Off' and 'Restart', including a new screen and floating toolbar. Toast messages are now white in color with the same existing transparency. Automatic light and dark themes. New Easter egg in the form of an official Oreo cookie picture.^[236]	Android 8.1 home screen

Android 9 Pie (API 28) Android 9 Pie (API 28)
Android Pie is the ninth major version of the Android operating system. It was first announced by Google on March 7, 2018, and the first developer preview was released on the same day. The second preview, considered beta quality, was released on May 8, 2018. The final beta of Android Pie (fifth preview, also considered as a 'Release Candidate') was released on July 25, 2018. The first official release was released on August 6, 2018.
Version	Release date	Features	Image(s)
9	August 6, 2018	New user interface for the quick settings menu.^[237] The clock has moved to the left of the notification bar.^[238] The 'dock' now has a semi-transparent background.^[238] Battery Saver no longer shows an orange overlay on the notification and status bars.^[237] A 'screenshot' button has been added to the power options.^[238] A new 'Lockdown' mode which disables biometric authentication once activated. Rounded corners across the UI. New transitions for switching between apps, or activities within apps. Richer messaging notifications, where a full conversation can be seen within a notification, full-scale images, and smart replies akin to Google's new app, Reply. Support for display cutouts. Redesigned volume slider. Battery percentage now shown in Always-On Display. Lock screen security changes include the possible return of an improved NFC Unlock. Experimental features (which are currently hidden within a menu called Feature Flags) such as a redesigned About Phone page in settings, and automatic Bluetooth enabling while driving. DNS over TLS.^[239] A new optional gesture-based system interface, allowing users to navigate the OS using swipes more often than the traditional UI. Redesigned multitask app switcher with the Google search bar and app drawer built in. Android Dashboard, which tells the user how much time they are spending on their device and in apps, and allows the user to set time limits on apps. 'Shush', an enhanced version of Do Not Disturb mode activated by placing the phone face down, which mutes standard notifications. 'Adaptive Battery' prediction, which makes use of Doze to hibernate user apps the OS determines the user will not use. Auto Brightness feature modifies screen brightness based on user habits. Wind Down option lets Android users set a specific bed time that enables Do Not Disturb and turns the entire phone's interface gray to discourage further use at night. Vulkan 1.1 support.	Android 9.0 home screen

Android 10 (API 29)
Android 10 is the tenth major version of the Android operating system. It was first announced by Google on March 13, 2019, and the first beta was released on the same day (under the name 'Android Q' at the time). The second beta was released on April 3, 2019. The third beta was released at the Google I/O conference on May 7, 2019. Then, on June 5, Google released the fourth beta, with the finalized APIs and SDK (API Level 29). On July 10, 2019, Google released Beta 5 with the final API 29 SDK as well as the latest optimizations and bug fixes.^[240] This is the release candidate for testing.^[241] On August 7, 2019, Google released Beta 6, which is thought to be the last beta before the annoucement of Android Q. On August 22, 2019, Google announced that the official release version would be called just Android 10 dropping the convention of using letter and dessert nicknames publicly. Android 10 was going to be known as 'Queen Cake'. Internally, Android 10 is known as Quince Tart.^[242]^[243] The stable version of Android 10 was released on September 3, 2019.
Version	Release date	Features	Image(s)
10	September 3, 2019	New permissions to access location in background and to access photo, video and audio files.^[244] Background apps can no longer jump into the foreground.^[244] Limited access to non-resettable device identifiers.^[244] Sharing shortcuts, which allow sharing content with a contact directly.^[244] Floating settings panel, that allows changing system settings directly from apps.^[244] Dynamic depth format for photos, which allow changing background blur after taking a photo.^[244] Support for the AV1 video codec, the HDR10+ video format and the Opus audio codec.^[244] A native MIDI API, allowing interaction with music controllers.^[244] Better support for biometric authentication in apps.^[244] Support for the WPA3 Wi-Fi security protocol.^[244] Support for foldable phones.^[244] Support for Notification Bubbles.^[245]^[246]	Android 10 home screen

Hardware requirements[edit]

The main hardware platform for Android is the ARM architecture (ARMv7 and ARMv8-A architectures; formerly also ARMv5), with x86^[c] and MIPS^[d] architectures also officially supported in later versions of Android, but MIPS support has since been deprecated and support was removed in NDK r17.^[249]

Unofficial Android-x86 project used to provide support for the x86 and MIPS architectures ahead of the official support.^[250]^[251]In 2012, Android devices with Intel processors began to appear, including phones^[252] and tablets. While gaining support for 64-bit platforms, Android was first made to run on 64-bit x86 and then on ARM64.^[253]^[254] Since Android 5.0 Lollipop, 64-bit variants of all platforms are supported in addition to the 32-bit variants.

Requirements for the minimum amount of RAM for devices running Android 7.1 depend on screen size and density and type of CPU, ranging from 816MB–1.8GB for 64-bit and 512MB–1.3GB for 32-bit meaning in practice 1GB for the most common type of display (while minimum for Android watch is 416MB).^[255] The recommendation for Android 4.4 is to have at least 512 MB of RAM,^[256] while for 'low RAM' devices 340 MB is the required minimum amount that does not include memory dedicated to various hardware components such as the baseband processor.^[144] Android 4.4 requires a 32-bitARMv7, MIPS or x86 architecture processor (latter two through unofficial ports),^[250]^[251] together with an OpenGL ES 2.0 compatible graphics processing unit (GPU).^[257] Android supports OpenGL ES 1.1, 2.0, 3.0, 3.2 and since Android 7.0 Vulkan (and version 1.1 available for some devices^[258]). Some applications may explicitly require a certain version of the OpenGL ES, and suitable GPU hardware is required to run such applications.^[257]

Android used to require an autofocus camera, which was relaxed to a fixed-focus camera.^[259]

Notes[edit]

^The 2.3.6 update had the side-effect of impairing the Wi-Fi hotspot functionality of many Canadian Nexus S phones. Google acknowledged this problem and fixed it in late September.^[75]^[76]
^For Canadian consumers, 4.0.2 reportedly created a bug on the Galaxy Nexus that crashed the application market when users attempted to view details of any Android application. It also inadvertently reduced the NFC capabilities of the Nexus phone.^[101]^[102]
^Lowest supported x86 generation is the P6 microarchitecture, also called i686.^[247]
^Supported is revision 1 of MIPS32^[248] and revision 6 for 64-bit MIPS64^[247]

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External links[edit]

Android Version 7.1.1 Game

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Android (operating system).

Update Android Version

Android API Levels via Android Developer
Android: A visual history, The Verge, by Chris Ziegler
The history of Android, Ars Technica, by Ron Amadeo

Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Android_version_history&oldid=918493976'

Android Nougat
Support status
A version of the Android operating system
Developer	Google
General availability	August 22, 2016; 3 years ago^[1]
Latest release	7.1.2 (N2G48H)^[2] / August 5, 2019; 54 days ago
Kernel type	Linux kernel 4.1
Preceded by	Android 6.0.1 'Marshmallow'
Succeeded by	Android 8.0 'Oreo'
Official website	www.android.com/versions/nougat-7-0/
7.0, unsupported. 7.1, supported^[3]

Android 'Nougat' (codenamedAndroid N during development) is the seventh major version and 14th original version of the Androidoperating system. First released as an alpha test version on March 9, 2016, it was officially released on August 22, 2016, with Nexus devices being the first to receive the update. The LG V20 was the first smartphone released with Nougat.

Nougat introduces notable changes to the operating system and its development platform, including the ability to display multiple apps on-screen at once in a split-screen view, support for inline replies to notifications, and an expanded 'Doze' power-saving mode that restricts device functionality once the screen has been off for a period of time. Additionally, the platform switched to an OpenJDK-based Java environment and received support for the Vulkan graphics rendering API, and 'seamless' system updates on supported devices.

Nougat received positive reviews. The new app notification format received particular praise, while the multitasking interface was seen as a positive change, but reviewers experienced incompatible apps. Critics had mixed experiences with the Doze power-saving mode, but faster app installs and 'tweaks' to the user interface were also reviewed positively.

As of September 2019, 6.78% of Android devices use Android 7.1 (API 25), but 9.18% use the unsupported Android 7.0 (API 24) for a total of 15.96% of Android users.^[4]

2Features

History[edit]

The release was internally codenamed 'New York Cheesecake'.^[5] On March 9, 2016, ahead of the Google I/O developer conference, Google released the first alpha version^[6] of Android 'N' as part of a new 'Android Beta Program' intended for testing by developers and enthusiasts before official its release 'this summer'. The developer preview builds were compatible with only current Google Nexus devices; the 5X, 6P, 6, 9, Pixel C, and Nexus Player. The 'Android Beta Program' that was introduced allowed testers to opt-in for over-the-air updates to new beta versions as they were released.^[7]

On April 13, 2016, Android N Beta Preview 2 was released.^[8] Google further discussed Android 'N' during the I/O keynote on May 18, 2016, and unveiled its new virtual reality platform, Daydream. Beta Preview 3, the first preview release deemed suitable for wider public beta testing, was released at this time. Google also announced that it would hold a contest to determine the official release name of the operating system.^[9]^[10]^[11]

Beta Preview 4 was released on June 15, 2016.^[12]^[13] On June 30, 2016, Google announced that N's release name would be 'Nougat'; it was also confirmed that Nougat would be version 7.0 of Android.^[14]^[15]^[16]

The final Beta Preview, 5, was released on July 18, 2016.^[17]

Android 7.0 was officially released on August 22, 2016, with the Nexus 6, 5X, 6P, 9, Nexus Player, Pixel C, and General Mobile 4G as the first devices to receive the update.^[18] Dave Burke, Android's Vice President of Engineering, stated in August 2016 that updates to Nougat would be released quarterly as maintenance releases focusing on 'continued refinements and polish'.^[19] On September 6, 2016, LG announced the V20, the first smartphone to ship with Nougat pre-installed.^[20] Google unveiled the first-party Pixel and Pixel XL smartphones during a hardware-focused event on October 4, 2016,^[21] with the Pixel phones replacing the Nexus series.^[22]

Updates to existing devices vary by manufacturer and carrier, and driver support for the version by the manufacturer of a device's respective system-on-chip.^[23] Major manufacturers, including HTC, Sony, and Motorola announced intents to update a range of their recent devices to Nougat.^[24]^[25]^[26]Qualcomm stated that it would not support Nougat on devices using its Snapdragon 800 and 801 system-on-chips for undisclosed reasons. Although developer preview builds of Nougat were released for the device, Sony stated that it would not upgrade the Xperia Z3 (which uses the Snapdragon 801) to the final version due to 'unforeseen platform limitations'. It was reported that the Google Compatibility Test Suite (whose tests must be passed in order to receive official certification) specified that all devices running Nougat must support either Vulkan or OpenGL ES 3.1 graphics APIs — neither of which are supported by the device's Adreno 330 graphics core.^[23]^[27] None the less, the Fairphone 2 is purported to be the only device with the Qualcomm Snapdragon 801 chipset to provide official support for Android 7.1.2, delivering on their effort towards increased longevity for a more sustainable device.^[28]

A post-release update known as Android 7.1 was pre-loaded onto Google's Pixel and Pixel XL smartphones released in October 2016; the new version added support for the Google Daydream VR platform, image keyboards, expanded emoji support (including male and female versions), support for actions to be displayed in menus on home screen app shortcuts, and other new features. A preview of 7.1 for existing Nexus devices was released via Android Beta Program later in the month,^[29] and officially released as Android 7.1.1 on December 5, 2016.^[30]^[31]^[32] As of 7.1.1, the Nexus 6 and Nexus 9 were considered end-of-life, and did not receive any further updates.^[33]

Android 7.1.2 was released in April 2017, providing various improvements and minor functionality improvements to Nexus and Pixel-branded devices.^[33]^[34]

Features[edit]

User experience[edit]

The updated notification shade on Nougat

Nougat redesigns the notification shade, which now features a smaller row of icons for settings, replacing notification cards with a new 'sheet' design,^{[clarification needed]} and allowing inline replies for notifications. Multiple notifications from a single app can also be 'bundled',^[7] and there is greater per-app control over notifications.^[35]

A split-screen display mode was introduced for phones, in which two apps can be snapped to occupy halves of the screen. An experimental multi-window mode is also available as a hidden feature, where multiple apps can appear simultaneously on the screen in overlapping windows.^[36]

The 'Doze' power saving mechanism introduced in Android Marshmallow was expanded to include a state activated when the device is running and the screen has been off for a period of time but is not stationary. In this state, network activity is restricted, and apps are granted 'maintenance windows' in which they can access the network and perform background tasks. As in Marshmallow, the full Doze state is activated if the device is stationary with its screen off for a period of time.^[7]^[37] A new 'Data Saver' mode restricts background mobile data usage, and can trigger internal functions in apps that are designed to reduce bandwidth usage, such as capping the quality of streaming media.^[37]^[38]

Platform[edit]

In December 2015, Google announced that Android Nougat would switch its Java Runtime Environment from the defunct Apache Harmony to OpenJDK—the official open source implementation of the Java platform maintained by Oracle Corporation and the Java community.^[39] The Android Runtime (ART) now incorporates a profile-guided compilation system, utilizing a JIT compiler and profiling alongside its current ahead-of-time compiler to further optimize apps for a device's hardware and other conditions in the background.^[37]

Nougat introduces a system for enabling 'seamless', automatic system updates, based upon and sharing some code with the implementation of similar functionality on Chrome OS. The system uses a pair of SquashFS partitions; the Android system executes from an 'online' partition, while updates are applied in the background to a redundant 'offline' partition. On the next boot following the installation of an update, the redundant partition is designated as active, and the device henceforth boots into the updated system. The previous system partition is kept as a backup in case of an update failure, and to serve as the 'offline' partition for the next update. This system removes the requirement for the device to reboot into the system recovery environment to apply the update (which prevents the device from being used until the update is complete) and also provides the ability for an update to be automatically rolled back in case of a failure. Google chose to enable seamless updates only for devices shipped with Nougat (or later), rather than enabling earlier devices to support the feature after repartitioning.^[40]^[41] Additionally, due to the ART changes on Nougat, apps no longer need to be re-compiled upon the first boot after a system update.^[42]

Developer Preview 2 added platform support for Vulkan, a new low-level 3D-rendering API alternative to OpenGL ES with higher graphics performance.^[8]^[43]^[44]

Nougat is the first version featuring Unicode 9.0 support, and comes with updated emoji, plus support for emoji skin tones.^[8]

Android 7.1 adds native API support for implementing image keyboards; multi-endpoint telephones;^{[clarification needed]} shortcut menus and rounded icon assets for apps on launchers; and support for the Google Daydreamvirtual reality platform.^[29]^[45] The Daydream environment includes a 'sustained performance mode' to assist developers in optimizing apps to a device's thermal profile,^[37] a new head tracking algorithm which combines the input from various device sensors, and integration of system notifications into the VR user interface.^[46]

Security[edit]

In response to the Stagefright family of bugs disclosed and fixed in 2015, several changes were made to harden the media stack against future vulnerabilities. Runtime integer overflow detection was implemented, preventing the majority of Stagefright-like programming bugs from becoming vulnerabilities, in addition to helping fix and prevent such bugs. Android's monolithic MediaServer process was redesigned to better adhere to the principle of least privilege. MediaServer is now split into several separate processes, each running in its own unprivileged sandbox, and granted only the permissions required for its task. For example, only the AudioServer can access Bluetooth, and libstagefright now runs within the MediaCodecService sandbox, which is only granted GPU access. Further constraints were placed on the media stack through seccomp.^[47]

Various mechanisms were enabled to reduce the possibility of malicious code being injected and/or executed inside the Linux kernel, including dividing kernel memory into logical segments for code and data, with page access permissions of read-only and no-execute as appropriate. The kernel was also restricted from directly accessing user space memory, and stronger stack protection was enabled in the GCC compiler to reduce stack smashing. To limit exposure of the kernel to potentially malicious code, perf was disabled by default, ioctl commands were restricted by SELinux, and seccomp-bpf was enabled to grant processes the ability to restrict system calls.^[48]

On devices shipping with Android Nougat, the 'Verified Boot' policy (introduced partially on KitKat, and displaying notifications on startup on Marshmallow) must be strictly enforced. If system files are corrupted or otherwise modified, the operating system will only allow operation in a limited-use mode or will refuse to boot at all.^[49]^[50]

Android Nougat supports an alternative drive encryption scheme known as 'file-based encryption'. As opposed to full disk encryption, it allows less-sensitive contents of the storage—such as operating system files—to be encrypted using only a hardware key rather than requiring credentials. Sensitive user data remains encrypted using credentials. File-based encryption removes the requirement for pre-boot authentication: instead, Android boots normally without additional intervention, but access to credential-protected data is restricted until the user unlocks the device for the first time ('Direct boot'). In the meantime, background services can access data they store in the device-encrypted context (such as alarms or messaging notifications) to maintain limited functionality until the user unlocks the credential-encrypted storage.^[51]^[52]

Reception[edit]

Dieter Bohn of The Verge praised the new multitasking interface in Android Nougat, calling it 'long overdue' for Android tablets. Although he initially found the implementation 'confusing', he wrote that it worked well once he understood it properly, though he noted that 'some apps don’t fully support split screen, while others work fine but pop up a warning anyway'. Bohn also liked the new way to reply to any message notification, stating 'Android has long had an advantage in useful and consistent notifications' versus iOS, and added 'now that quick replies are standard on it I don't see that lead diminishing'. He also noted 'tweaks' throughout the OS as welcome changes, including quick toggles in the notification drawer, a Settings menu with more visual information, and a Camera app that has been 'cleaned up a bit'. Bohn stated that he didn't notice any significant battery improvements despite the Doze power-saving feature in Nougat. He also wrote extensively about the fact that, even though Nougat is 'great', 'it’s a shame it will take so long for anybody to see it', writing about the lack of updates to most Android devices, and that 'unless you have a Nexus, it could be a few months, it could be a year [sic], before it becomes available on your phone'.^[53]

Chris Velazco of Engadget also praised the new, bundled app notifications, writing that prior Android versions' notifications 'just sort of sit there' until interaction, but Nougat 'does a much better job of bundling them by app and letting you get things done'. He highlighted the ability to expand a bundled Gmail notification to see subjects and senders of individual messages. Velazco stated that split-screen multitasking was a 'big deal', but he also encountered non-compatible apps. Visual elements in the Settings app, quick toggles in the notification dropdown, and new language and emoji support were also positive highlights in the review. Velazco did note a battery improvement from the Doze power-saving feature, stating his 'Nexus 6P seemed to gain about an hour or two of standby battery life'. He also wrote that installing and launching apps might be 'a little faster than usual' thanks to Nougat's new app compiler, and he hoped game developers would utilize the new Vulkan API for some 'seriously good-looking mobile gaming'.^[54]

References[edit]

Android 7 Iso Download

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^Kastrenakes, Jacob (May 18, 2016). 'Google's latest Android N beta is meant for everyone'. The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
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^Burke, Dave (June 15, 2016). 'Android N APIs are now final, get your apps ready for Android N!'. Android Developers Blog. Google. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
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^Walter, Derek; Cross, Jason (July 1, 2016). 'Android N name revealed: It's Nougat'. PC World. International Data Group. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
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External links[edit]

Official website

Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Android_Nougat&oldid=916913670'

Omgclip

Android Version 7

Code names[edit]

Pre-commercial release versions[edit]

Alpha versions[edit]

Beta version[edit]

Version history by API level[edit]

Android 1.0 (API 1)

Android 1.5 Cupcake (API 3)

Android 2.0 Eclair (API 5)

Android 2.1 Eclair (API 7)

Android 2.3 Gingerbread (API 9)

Android 3.0 Honeycomb (API 11)

Android 3.2 Honeycomb (API 13)

Android 4.0.3 Ice Cream Sandwich (API 15)

Android 4.2 Jelly Bean (API 17)

Android 4.4 KitKat (API 19)

Android 4.4W KitKat, with wearable extensions (API 20)

Android 5.1 Lollipop (API 22)

Android 7.0 Nougat (API 24)

Android 8.0 Oreo (API 26)

Android 9 Pie (API 28)

Hardware requirements[edit]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

Android Version 7.1.1 Game

Update Android Version

History[edit]

Features[edit]

User experience[edit]

Platform[edit]

Security[edit]

Reception[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Android 7 Iso Download

External links[edit]